Carrying Capacity Modification 
There are a range of criteria that can influence the carrying capacity of a turfgrass surface; these are often related in a complex manner and which can complicate the decision-making process. Taking a broader systems approach to management can help to break down complexity by better understanding the interrelationships which exist between criteria.
The carrying capacity of a turfgrass surface can be influenced and modified by:
• Soil type - this is the most important factor for pitches which are essentially just marked out and then maintained on natural soils;
• Pitch constru
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Carrying Capacity: Managing Expectations
The amount of usage and the consistent quality of provision that a sports pitch can sustain over a playing season, without resulting in unacceptable deterioration to the pitch and playing experience, is strongly related and influenced by pitch construction and the soil type.
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Circular Economy
A system of production and consumption, which is essentially a closed loop of the flow of material, in which there is no waste due to continuous reuse, recycling, recovery of materials, restoration of depleted areas and resources and regeneration to support future inputs to the circular economy. Whether a completely closed loop, without any wastage, is feasible, is open to argument, however, the concept underlies a desire to achieve a sustainable economy, environment and society.
(Further reading: Paul Ekins, Teresa Domenech, Paul Drummond, Raimund Bleischwitz, Nick Hughes, Lorenzo Lotti,
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Climate Change
A change of weather patterns, rainfall intensities, average temperatures and frequency of extremes of temperatures which has been occurring globally over a longer time period. However, the rate of change in these events has been increasing since at least the start of the 21st Century and this is a significant challenge for industries and societies to how best to address this issue.
To comply with the Climate Change Act 2008 the UK Government is required to carry out a five-year assessment of the risks of climate change and in 2022 stated that “Climate change is happening now. It is one of
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Climate Emergency
The practically certain outcome that global warming and climate change will have a profoundly negative and continuously negative impact on humankind, wildlife and plants if significant actions are not taken to mitigate the threat caused by human interference with the atmosphere and climate. This is also termed a climate crisis.
Climate Neutral
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions to a level they can be fully absorbed by the natural environment. There will be no further build-up of greenhouse gases, reducing the human induced enhanced greenhouse effect, within the atmosphere. The aim will be for the Earth to gradually address, through its carbon sinks (primarily forests, oceans and grasslands), the increased concentration of greenhouse gases caused by human activity since the start of the industrial era.
Human made emissions will reduce gradually to net zero, with actions by individuals and organisations being much more ‘climate f
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Community Benefit of Service
A Social Sustainability Indicator.
Brief Description: The local communitys opinion of the provided service to themselves and society.
Opinion may need to distinguish between a local and national perspective if a service is considered as having a wider benefit, such as a nature reserve.
Community Environmental Satisfaction
An Environmental Sustainability Indicator.
Brief Description: This is the local communitys opinion of their natural environment. Opinions will be formed from the service being provided and provides an indication of the success of the service.
Relevance to sustainability: Involvement of the local community in decision-making and service delivery is an integral part of sustainable development. The natural environment can have a significantly positive influence on the well-being of a local community.
Corporate Social Responsibility
An approach by business to embed social and environmental concerns and outcomes in their business model. There is a broad spectrum of interpretations, ranging from greenwash through to ensuring business practices are empathetic to and genuinely value social and environmental outcomes. Some aims of corporate social responsibility might be to improve the reputation of a business, improve profits by having a larger customer base with similar values, create more sustainable local communities that are supported by the business, address wider equitable and ethical concerns, improve the longer term v
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Cradle to Cradle
The design of a product whereby the life cycle stages aim to be as sustainable as possible.
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