Physical Weathering 
A weathering process which causes the disintegration of rocks, without chemical interactions. This is also termed mechanical weathering.
Physical weathering can result from several actions, including:
• Abrasion, which wears down the surface of rocks and minerals. This can result from the action of sand particles in wind, or the erosion of riverbanks or beds being worn away due to stones, sand, or other materials, being carried by moving water.
• Freezing of water expands the cracks in rocks where the water is present. The subsequent thawing of the ice relieves the pressure, but with r
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Pipe Drain
A plastic drainage pipe which has been installed in a drainage trench, especially within a pipe drained pitch.
Pipe Drained Pitch
Drainage pipe which has typically been installed into a soil-based pitch. The diameter of the pipe will vary, but 60mm diameter is typical. The spacing of the pipes will vary, but 5 metres up to 10 metres is typical. Drainage pipes will usually be connected to wider diameter perimeter pipes, typically being 80 to 100mm in diameter. The 60mm pipes joining onto perimeter drains are termed lateral pipes. Pipe drains are installed at the base of a dug trench, which is typically 600mm deep, and then backfilled with gravel, or similar material, to a depth of 200mm from the surface. A 50mm coarse sa
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Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria
Bacteria within a rhizosphere which can encourage plant growth. Examples of these include Rhizobium, Bacillus, Azotobacter and Pseudomonas.
Podzol
A type of soil, which is generally of a low nutrient status, especially due to leaching of the surface A horizon (thereby termed an E, eluviated, horizon). It will have a low, acidic soil pH, typically of sand and silt particles. A consequence of this is that an organic layer, mor humus, can be present above the lighter coloured first soil horizon due to reduced organic matter decomposition. These conditions are less favourable for soil micro-organism activity.
The subsoil (B horizon) will usually be darker in colour, often having an increased quantity of iron and aluminium, as well as fine
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Ponding
The result of additional water being added to either a Saturated soil, which produces surface puddles, or when water is applied at a rate which the soil cannot cope with, meaning it exceeds its infiltration rate.
Positive Outfall
A downward slope in the direction of an outfall. This ensures water will always flow when it is present.
Push-up Green
A traditional soil-based construction for a golf green using local soil and which saw the green raised slightly above the height of the green surrounds and fairway so as to aid drainage. Many greens before the invention of modern high specification greens (c. early 1970s) would have been constructed in this way.
Quartz
The main component of sand, having the chemical composition of SiO2 (Silicon Dioxide).
R Horizon
A parent material layer, the bedrock, or rock material, which is consolidated rock and is the lowest layer in any soil profile. Examples include granite, sandstone or limestone and it can be exposed to the surface without any other soil horizons above it, or buried deep within the ground, with the 'R' Horizon typically situated below the 'C' Horizon.