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A group (Clade) of flowering plants (Angiosperms), in particular Magnolias, which were formerly classified as Dicotyledons.

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Organic matter, especially originating from animal waste, although Green Manuring is where a crop is grown and then plough into a soil.

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The application and incorporation of plant nutrients to a soil before grass seeds are sown onto a prepared area. A typical, traditional (early to mid 1900s) application rate would be 1 cubic yard per 100 square yards, being lightly forked and worked into the soil being prepared as a seed bed. "A method sometimes adopted is to prepare a compost consisting of one part of manure to three or four parts of screened top soil. An inch or two of this compost spread over the surface makes an excellent seed-bed". (Source: Sutton, M.A.F. (Ed) 1950, "Golf Courses. Design, Construction and Upkeep", Sutton & Sons, pp47-48). Where an adequate supply of well rotten manure was unavailable then plant nutrients would be supplied by the use of artificial fertilisers.

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A term which is uncommonly used to refer to a layer of partially decomposed organic matter which is present below a thatch layer.

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The process which is carried out to determine the value of something.

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Another classification name for Mesofauna.

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Animals between 0.1 and 2mm in body size diameter. These include small Arthropods such as mites. They live in soil pores and feed on microflora, microfauna and other larger soil dwelling organisms. This is an alternative name for Mesobiota.

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The region between the upper and lower epidermis on a leaf, which is divided into the palisade mesophyll upper layer of cells, which includes the chlorenchyma just below the surface of the epidermis, and beneath this the lower spongy mesophyll layer for gas exchange and food storage.

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An extended period of dry weather without any significant rainfall. A meteorological drought is usually a term applied to such a period of weather that is greater than 14 days in duration.

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An ecological community of soil microorganisms.