Calcined 
This is where some of the water molecules within the compound have been removed by heating. A common material which has this treatment applied is Iron Sulphate.
Calcium Oxide
Calvin Cycle
This C3 carbon fixation cycle is a photosynthetic process in cool season grasses and plants, which takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts. The light-independent reactions, also known as dark reactions, occur and involve the enzyme RuBisCO (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) in converting carbon dioxide and other three-carbon compounds into glucose. The Calvin cycle uses the energy from short-lived carriers (ATP and NADPH), which are created in the first stage of photosynthesis (the light dependent stage) to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds that can be used by the plant.
Capillary
Fine structures, or network of structures, such as may exist within a plant or soil.
Capillary Action
Water in a soil, or plant, can move upwards due to the water molecules sticking together and adhering to the surroundings. This creates an upward force with surface tension keeping the liquid together. Water will stop rising when gravity is greater than the upward force and surface tension produced. The finer the particle and pore sizes the higher the water can rise within a soil profile. Also called Capillary Rise.
Capillary Break
An interruption to the upward movement of water. A change in rootzone material composition or layering, for example through differences in soil texture, or where a biodegradable or low-density artificial carpet is used as reinforcement material within a rootzone, can result in a capillary break occurring within a soil profile.
Capillary Rise
Carbohydrate
A general term for the substances created by plants during the process of photosynthesis and used for growth and development. The carbohydrates that are created can be used to build larger carbohydrate molecules, which might also be called sugars; they can be transported to storage organs, such as rhizomes, roots, or stolons, for later use; or they are used as energy in the respiration process.
Carbon Dioxide
A molecule (CO2) which is used in the process of photosynthesis for the production of carbohydrates or is a product of the breakdown (oxidation) of carbohydrates in the process of respiration.
The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere was about 415 ppm in early 2021 (https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/), with the ‘safe' level being at most 350ppm (http://400.350.org) to avoid the worst impacts of global heating.
Carbon Fixation
The process of incorporating Carbon Dioxide into carbohydrates through the process of photosynthesis.